Samsung Galaxy S3

Summer training or learning

Summer training or learning

Hey…  guys I think you are looking for this,  As our summer holiday are coming near,
we think that what we do in this holidays?
so for  you guys  I am giving  two suggestion , if you satisfied and  you want to do this go on……….

1. First one is:-

HCL is offering Project Training to the engineering & IT students to enable them become job ready and attain professionalism from the day they pass out from their academic institutions.

In this HCL internship the student will learn some language first than, HCL give him a project on the base of what they learn…

Area of Project Training could be:- .NET (VB.Net & ASP.Net)/ JAVA (Core & Advanced), PHP /Embedded/ Network Administration (CCNA, MCSE, MCITP & RHCE) 

     2.  Second one is:-

BRiCS is an initiative of alumni of IIT Kanpur which organizes world-class training programs for engineers.

The course offered by BRiCS  are  Embedded Systems, Robotics, Automation, Communication and Software Development (Web Development, Java, Image Processing, Mobile Application Development etc).

For further detail click on the image below or look this link..http://www.bricsworld.com

click here

Kodak ‘Slice’

Kodak ‘Slice’ touchscreen camera

Kodak ‘Slice’ touchscreen camera built around a 3.5″ LCD. It features a 14MP sensor, 5x optically stabilized zoom lens and will be available in black, nickel and ‘radish’ colors for US $349.95{₨18500}. It also has internal memory to store 5000 HD-resolution images. The camera’ combines its share and face recognition functions to tag pictures directly for easy upload ito popular social networking websites.

  KODAK SLICE Touchscreen Camera features include:

• Intuitive 3.5-inch, 16:9 LCD touchscreen with anti-reflective coating
• KODAK SLICE Search Feature and Face Recognition to easily sort, locate and share pictures
• Share Button for easy upload to Facebook, KODAK Gallery, Flickr, YouTube sites and e-mail
• Store up to 5,000 pictures in HD resolution
• Stunning image quality with a 14MP CCD sensor and 5X SCHNEIDER-KREUZNACH Lens
• Built-in optical image stabilization
• 720p/30fps HD video capture
• Kodak’s exclusive Smart Capture feature, which analyzes scenes and automatically adjusts camera settings to deliver beautiful pictures more often
• Compatible with PC or APPLE iLife Software
• Li-Ion rechargeable battery included

Kodak is also introducing a case for the SLICE Camera, which was designed in a competition among accessories students at the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) in New York City. The final case design was chosen by celebrat

laptop peripherals

A full-size, durable keyboard and high-definition optical mouse that put the things you do most just one touch away with instant access to play/pause, volume, the Internet, e-mail, and more.

Instant media and Internet access

The things you do most are right at your fingertips with one-touch controls for instant access to play/pause, volume, mute, and the Internet.

Comfortable, quiet typing

You’ll enjoy a comfortable and quiet typing experience thanks to the low-profile keys that barely make a sound and standard layout with number pad.

Easy to read keys

The bold, bright white characters make the keys easier to read—perfect for those with less-than-perfect vision. They’re less likely to wear off, too.

High-definition optical mouse

You’ll enjoy smooth, responsive cursor control with high-definition optical tracking (1000 dpi). The sculpted, ambidextrous shape feels good in either hand.

Instant access to applications

No need to navigate to launch your e-mail or calculator, or put your computer to sleep—you’ve got instant access right from your keyboard.

Spill-resistant design

Liquid drains out of the keyboard, so you don’t have to worry about ruining your investment with accidental spills.*

Thin profile

The keyboard has a thin profile that adds a sleek look to your desk while keeping your hands in a more comfortable, neutral position.

Durable keys

The keys can last up to up to 5 million keystrokes so you can keep typing long after many keyboards have called it quits .

Sturdy, adjustable tilt legs

You can extend the sturdy folding legs to increase the keyboard tilt by 8 degrees to address your personal ergonomic needs. Rubber feet prevent slipping.

Plug-and-play USB connection

Setup is simple—you just plug them into USB ports on your desktop, laptop, or netbook computer and start using it. Everything works right out of the box.

Init command

4.1. Init

The kernel, once it is loaded, finds init in sbin and executes it.

When initstarts, it becomes the parent or grandparent of all of the processes that start up automatically on your Linux system. The first thing init does, is reading its initialization file, /etc/inittab. This instructs init to read an initial configuration script for the environment, which sets the path, starts swapping, checks the file systems, and so on. Basically, this step takes care of everything that your system needs to have done at system initialization: setting the clock, initializing serial ports and so forth.

Then initcontinues to read the /etc/inittab file, which describes how the system should be set up in each run level and sets the default run level. A run level is a configuration of processes. All UNIX-like systems can be run in different process configurations, such as the single user mode, which is referred to as run level 1 or run level S (or s). In this mode, only the system administrator can connect to the system. It is used to perform maintenance tasks without risks of damaging the system or user data. Naturally, in this configuration we don’t need to offer user services, so they will all be disabled. Another run level is the reboot run level, or run level 6, which shuts down all running services according to the appropriate procedures and then restarts the system.

Use the whoto check what your current run level is:

willy@ubuntu:~$ who -r         run-level 2 2006-10-17 23:22          last=S

After having determined the default run level for your system, init starts all of the background processes necessary for the system to run by looking in the appropriate rc directory for that run level. initruns each of the kill scripts (their file names start with a K) with a stop parameter. It then runs all of the start scripts (their file names start with an S) in the appropriate run level directory so that all services and applications are started correctly. In fact, you can execute these same scripts manually after the system is finished booting with a command like /etc/init.d/httpd stop or service httpd stop logged in as root, in this case stopping the web server.

	Special case
	Note that on system startup, the scripts in rc2.d and rc3.d are usually executed. In that case, no services are stopped (at least not permanently). There are only services that are started.

None of the scripts that actually start and stop the services are located in /etc/rc.d. Rather, all of the files in /etc/rc.d are symbolic links that point to the actual scripts located in /etc/init.d. A symbolic link is nothing more than a file that points to another file, and is used in this case because it can be created and deleted without affecting the actual scripts that kill or start the services. The symbolic links to the various scripts are numbered in a particular order so that they start in that order. You can change the order in which the services start up or are killed by changing the name of the symbolic link that refers to the script that actually controls the service. You can use the same number multiple times if you want a particular service started or stopped right before or after another service, as in the example below, listing the content of /etc/rc5.d, where crond and xfsare both started from a linkname starting with “S90”. In this case, the scripts are started in alphabetical order.

[jean@blub /etc/rc5.d] ls K15httpd@     K45named@    S08ipchains@  S25netfs@      S85gpm@ K16rarpd@     K46radvd@    S08iptables@  S26apmd@       S90crond@ K20nfs@       K61ldap@     S09isdn@      S28autofs@     S90xfs@ K20rstatd@    K65identd@   S10network@   S30nscd@       S95anacron@ K20rusersd@   K74ntpd@     S12syslog@    S55sshd@       S95atd@ K20rwalld@    K74ypserv@   S13portmap@   S56rawdevices@ S97rhnsd@ K20rwhod@     K74ypxfrd@   S14nfslock@   S56xinetd@     S99local@ K25squid@     K89bcm5820@  S17keytable@  S60lpd@ K34yppasswdd@  S05kudzu@    S20random@    S80sendmail@

After inithas progressed through the run levels to get to the default run level, the /etc/inittab script forks a getty process for each virtual console (login prompt in text mode). getty opens tty lines, sets their modes, prints the login prompt, gets the user’s name, and then initiates a login process for that user. This allows users to authenticate themselves to the system and use it. By default, most systems offer 6 virtual consoles, but as you can see from the inittab file, this is configurable.

/etc/inittab can also tell init how it should handle a user pressing Ctrl+Alt+Delete at the console. As the system should be properly shut down and restarted rather than immediately power-cycled, init is told to execute the command /sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now, for instance, when a user hits those keys. In addition, /etc/inittab states what init should do in case of power failures, if your system has a UPS unit attached to it.

On most RPM-based systems the graphical login screen is started in run level 5, where /etc/inittab runs a script called /etc/X11/prefdm. The prefdm script runs the preferred X display manager, based on the contents of the /etc/sysconfig/desktop directory. This is typically gdmif you run GNOME or kdm if you run KDE, but they can be mixed, and there’s also the xdm that comes with a standard X installation.

But there are other possibilities as well. On Debian, for instance, there is an initscript for each of the display managers, and the content of the /etc/X11/default-display-manager is used to determine which one to start. Ultimately, your system documentation will explain the details about the higher level aspects of init.

The /etc/default and/or /etc/sysconfigdirectories contain entries for a range of functions and services, these are all read at boot time. The location of the directory containing system defaults might be somewhat different depending on your Linux distribution.

Besides the graphical user environment, a lot of other services may be started as well. But if all goes well, you should be looking at a login prompt or login screen when the boot process has finished.

	Other procedures
	We explained how SysV init works on x86 based machines. Startup procedures may vary on other architectures and distributions. Other systems may use the BSD-style init, where startup files are not split up into multiple /etc/rc.d directories. It might also be possible that your system uses /etc/rc.d/init.d instead of /etc/init.d.

4.2. Init run levels

The idea behind operating different services at different run levels essentially revolves around the fact that different systems can be used in different ways. Some services cannot be used until the system is in a particular state, or mode, such as being ready for more than one user or having networking available.

There are times in which you may want to operate the system in a lower mode. Examples are fixing disk corruption problems in run level 1 so no other users can possibly be on the system, or leaving a server in run level 3 without an X session running. In these cases, running services that depend upon a higher system mode to function does not make sense because they will not work correctly anyway. By already having each service assigned to start when its particular run level is reached, you ensure an orderly start up process, and you can quickly change the mode of the machine without worrying about which services to manually start or stop.

Available run levels are generally described in /etc/inittab, which is partially shown below:

# # inittab   This file describes how the INIT process should set up #           the system in a certain run-level. # Default run level. The run levels are: #   0 – halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) #   1 – Single user mode #   2 – Multiuser, without NFS #       (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) #   3 – Full multiuser mode #   4 – unused #   5 – X11 #   6 – reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # id:5:initdefault:

Feel free to configure unused run levels (commonly run level 4) as you see fit. Many users configure those run levels in a way that makes the most sense for them while leaving the standard run levels as they are by default. This allows them to quickly move in and out of their custom configuration without disturbing the normal set of features at the standard run levels.

If your machine gets into a state where it will not boot due to a bad /etc/inittab or will not let you log in because you have a corrupted /etc/passwd file (or if you have simply forgotten your password), boot into single-user mode.

No graphics?

When you are working in text mode because you didn’t get presented a graphical login screen on the console of your machine, you can normally switch to console 7 or up to have a graphical login. If this is not the case, check the current run level using the command who -r. If it is set to something else than the original default from /etc/inittab, chances are that the system does not start up in graphical mode by default. Contact your system administrator or read man init in that case. Note that switching run levels is done preferably using the telinit command; switching from a text to a graphical console or vice versa does not involve a run level switch.

The discussion of run levels, scripts and configurations in this guide tries to be as general as possible. Lots of variations exist. For instance, Gentoo Linux stores scripts in /etc/run levels. Other systems might first run through (a) lower run level(s) and execute all the scripts in there before arriving at the final run level and executing those scripts. Refer to your system documentation for more information. You might also read through the scripts that are refered to in /etc/inittab to get a better comprehension of what happens on your system.

Boot process and shutdown

4. Boot process and shutdown

4.1. Introduction

One of the most powerful aspects of Linux concerns its open method of starting and stopping the operating system, where it loads specified programs using their particular configurations, permits you to change those configurations to control the boot process, and shuts down in a graceful and organized way.

Beyond the question of controlling the boot or shutdown process, the open nature of Linux makes it much easier to determine the exact source of most problems associated with starting up or shutting down your system. A basic understanding of this process is quite beneficial to everybody who uses a Linux system.

A lot of Linux systems use lilo, the LInux LOader for booting operating systems. We will only discuss GRUB, however, which is easier to use and more flexible. Should you need information about lilo, refer to the man pages and HOWTOs. Both systems support dual boot installations, we refer to the HOWTOs on this subject for practical examples and background information.

4.2. The boot process

When an x86 computer is booted, the processor looks at the end of the system memory for the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and runs it. The BIOS program is written into permanent read-only memory and is always available for use. The BIOS provides the lowest level interface to peripheral devices and controls the first step of the boot process.

The BIOS tests the system, looks for and checks peripherals, and then looks for a drive to use to boot the system. Usually it checks the floppy drive (or CD-ROM drive on many newer systems) for bootable media, if present, and then it looks to the hard drive. The order of the drives used for booting is usually controlled by a particular BIOS setting on the system. Once Linux is installed on the hard drive of a system, the BIOS looks for a Master Boot Record (MBR) starting at the first sector on the first hard drive, loads its contents into memory, then passes control to it.

This MBR contains instructions on how to load the GRUB (or LILO) boot-loader, using a pre-selected operating system. The MBR then loads the boot-loader, which takes over the process (if the boot-loader is installed in the MBR). In the default Red Hat Linux configuration, GRUB uses the settings in the MBR to display boot options in a menu. Once GRUB has received the correct instructions for the operating system to start, either from its command line or configuration file, it finds the necessary boot file and hands off control of the machine to that operating system.

4.3. GRUB features

This boot method is called direct loading because instructions are used to directly load the operating system, with no intermediary code between the boot-loaders and the operating system’s main files (such as the kernel). The boot process used by other operating systems may differ slightly from the above, however. For example, Microsoft’s DOS and Windows operating systems completely overwrite anything on the MBR when they are installed without incorporating any of the current MBR’s configuration. This destroys any other information stored in the MBR by other operating systems, such as Linux. The Microsoft operating systems, as well as various other proprietary operating systems, are loaded using a chain loading boot method. With this method, the MBR points to the first sector of the partition holding the operating system, where it finds the special files necessary to actually boot that operating system.

GRUB supports both boot methods, allowing you to use it with almost any operating system, most popular file systems, and almost any hard disk your BIOS can recognize.

GRUB contains a number of other features; the most important include:

• GRUB provides a true command-based, pre-OS environment on x86 machines to allow maximum flexibility in loading operating systems with certain options or gathering information about the system.
• GRUB supports Logical Block Addressing (LBA) mode, needed to access many IDE and all SCSI hard disks. Before LBA, hard drives could encounter a 1024-cylinder limit, where the BIOS could not find a file after that point.
• GRUB’s configuration file is read from the disk every time the system boots, preventing you from having to write over the MBR every time you change the boot options..
   

  5. Shutdown

  UNIX was not made to be shut down, but if you really must, use the shutdowncommand. After completing the shutdown procedure, the -h option will halt the system, while -r will reboot it.
  The rebootand halt commands are now able to invoke shutdown if run when the system is in run levels 1-5, and thus ensure proper shutdown of the system,but it is a bad habit to get into, as not all UNIX/Linux versions have this feature.
  If your computer does not power itself down, you should not turn off the computer until you see a message indicating that the system is halted or finished shutting down, in order to give the system the time to unmount all partitions. Being impatient may cause data loss.

tracing IP

Hello everyone! Today I am going to tell you how can we track IP address of our friend with whom we are chatting without any application or programming knowledge, last night I was talking with my friend about to learn hacking, but we didn’t get any way to learn it, but someone told to track how to track your friends IP, so I thought to share it with you all. The person whom you are talking should be in your friend’s list if you want to know his/her IP. Just follow these steps –

• Now, open start -> select run -> type “CMD”
• Now chat with your friend
• and in CMD write “NETSTAT “
• and it will show all the IP address connected with your IP address.
• That’s all

Hope you enjoyed this, do leave your comments and feedback if you really enjoyed my-post.

google drive

What do you understand by drive?
       Ya of course you are right it is a storage device…..
Like as in your system c: , d: drives are present, As you get interest on this I explain this
in broad way……..
Google provide a drive to the user to store their data as they want.
This drive concept is based on the concept cloud computing……
The benefit of this is “Google Driveis everywhere you are” means you can access that drive in office, home. So wherever you are your stuff is there. You can share your drive with the person you want to share…..
On the question of safety it as safe as your internal means PC drive is safe….
I did not tell you the total size provided by the google
i.e. 5 GB
Ya Ya it’s very less but you can expand it by paying
a small amount of money….
To make Google drive click here
 

Android vs. Symbian ….

Android vs. Symbian

	While Android and Symbian have been making headlines since their release, the war between them has already been waged. The makers, namely, Google and Nokia have been trying hard to beat each other in terms of performance. While Android is relatively older, Symbian is also trying hard to keep up with the former. With both providing amazing gaming experience, it is for the gamers to determine the best choice. However the following discussion under the head will help you have a rough idea about the specialties of both.
Android vs. Symbian Video Review:
Open / Close OS : In the competition going on in the mobile platforms of Open Source, developers preferably have two major choices: Android and Symbian. It has an integrated browser that in based on WebKit engine of open source. The former is an open source but with a closed development (relatively). Symbian is out and out an open source, once it comes around the corner, to release its full source code. Feature / Tools Exclusive to OS: Android’s bunch of features includes Application Framework that allows users to reuse components, Dalvik Virtual Machine, Optimized graphics for full 2D and 3D support. With media support for video, still images, common audio, and other complicated formats, its multimedia performance is also very high. It sports features like accelerometer, compass and GPS. For storage of structured data, SQLite, is just ideal. Further core applications like SMS program, maps, calendar, email client, contacts, Java programming, etc are highly optimized in Android. However, Android does have a very poor support for Web games, which makes it quite unusable for playing online. Symbian, on the other hand supports C++ programming effectively. It is because of its high Java support, that gaming has its ultimate experience here. More for online games, that takes time to buffer and run on other mobile, this one has smooth running as a PC. With its wide compatibility with device, it is also a good choice, especially for gamers. But, Symbian OS is not equally good in terms of downloading gaming. Nonetheless, in all the other aspects it is quite competent. Usability : Depending on the user’s choice, both are easy to operate with non-complex interface. Users can use either of them depending on their need. While both provide smooth uninterrupted gaming experience, the Symbian one is more prescribed for online gaming. However, both the operating systems have refined playing in touch screens in mobiles. Telco Network: Android has made its handsets a Wi-Fi hotspot. With a support to wireless Internet, this operating system can run Web on your handset even when you do not have a network connection in your phone. You can simply get a wireless connection from some other device to serve the purpose. Symbian does not have an integrated network accelerator, for smoother and clearer video calling, but you can download one and use to speed up the connection for uninterrupted networking. Handset/ hardware differences: The hardware interface of Android includes an autofocus camera, callback on camera error, etc. and interface for supplying image data from captured picture, delivering copies of preview, geomagnetic field, sensor and other exciting features that facilitate the usage. Handsets like Nokia N8, powered by Symbian OS have been reported with issues with opening large web pages. Internet and Email Android 2.0 now includes the Firefox Mobile Web Browser, which provides faster and stable browsing experience. Symbian b rowser can download only one file at one time, however there is now support for multi window browsing though the Symbian web browser. Applications with Android operating system, the users can access thousands of applications, which is essential for the smart phones. Being an open source platform with relatively closed development, Android offers several applications. However, being an out-n-out open source OS Symbian offers huge range of third party apps. Multimedia Both Android and Symbian based mobile phones support good multimedia features. The media players can play diverse music and video files, while there are high mega pixel cameras as well. However, the images appear better on the Android based touch screen phones. Conclusion Android is much advanced and provides more value to the end users. Symbian needs updates its features.

WhatsApp Messenger…….

How it works{for nokia symbian os}

WhatsApp Messenger is a cross-platform mobile messaging app which allows you to exchange messages without having to pay for SMS. WhatsApp Messenger is available for iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, Windows Phone and Nokia and yes, those phones can all message each other! Because WhatsApp Messenger uses the same internet data plan that you use for email and web browsing, there is no cost to message and stay in touch with your friends.

In addition to basic messaging WhatsApp users can create groups, send each other unlimited images, video and audio media messages